In-flight and hotel WiFi can be quite expensive and often insist on charging users extra to connect multiple devices. In order to avoid that, it's possible to easily create a WiFi hotspot using NetworkManager and a external USB WiFi adapter.

Hardware setup

Depending on the hardware you have, you may need to install the firmware-ath9k-htc package.

Creating the hotspot

The main trick is to right-click on the NetworkManager icon in the status bar and select "Edit Connections..." (not "Create New WiFi Network..." despite the promising name).

From there click the "+" button in the lower right then "WiFi" as the Connection Type. I like to use Hotspot as the "Connection name".

In the WiFi tab, set the following:

  • SSID: machinename_nomap
  • Mode: hotspot
  • Device: (the device name of the USB WiFi adapter)

The _nomap suffix is there to opt out of the Google and Mozilla location services which could allow anybody to lookup sightings of your device around the World.

In the WiFi Security tab:

  • Security: WPA & WPA2 Personal
  • Password: (a 63-character random password generated using pwgen -s 63)

While you may think that such a long password is inconvenient, it's now possible to add the network automatically by simply scanning a QR code on your phone.

In the IPv4 Settings tab:

  • Method: Shared to other computers

Finally, in the IPv6 Settings tab:

  • Method: Ignore

I ended up with the following config in /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/machinename:

[connection]
id=machinename
uuid=<long UUID string>
type=wifi
interface-name=wl...
permissions=
timestamp=1578533792

[wifi]
mac-address=<MAC>
mac-address-blacklist=
mode=ap
seen-bssids=<BSSID>
ssid=machinename_nomap

[wifi-security]
key-mgmt=wpa-psk
psk=<63-character password>

[ipv4]
dns-search=
method=shared

[ipv6]
addr-gen-mode=stable-privacy
dns-search=
ip6-privacy=0
method=ignore

Firewall rules

In order for the packets to flow correctly, I opened up the following ports on my machine's local firewall:

-A INPUT -s 10.42.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -d 10.42.0.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s 10.42.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -d 224.0.0.251 -s 10.42.0.1 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -d 239.255.255.250 -s 10.42.0.1 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -d 10.42.0.255 -s 10.42.0.1 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -d 10.42.0.1 -s 10.42.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT

Starting the hotspot

If you named your network connection Hotspot, then you can start it from the command line like this:

nmcli connection up Hotspot